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Le libre-échange en Afrique, au-delà des obstacles, la croissance Note: This article first appeared on la-croix.com
Le FMI et la Banque mondiale encouragent les pays d'Afrique à surmonter les obstacles à l'instauration de leur vaste zone de libre-échange, potentiellement le plus grand marché au monde, susceptible de favoriser durablement la croissance sur le continent.
«Je pense que le pragmatisme des pays va être très important pour trouver la manière d'appliquer l'accord», a souligné David Malpass, le président de la Banque mondiale, en marge des réunions annuelles des institutions de Washington, relevant «les énormes bénéfices du commerce».
Bien que le libre-échange soit contesté par l'Amérique de Donald Trump, le Fonds monétaire international presse l'Afrique de concrétiser sa grande zone de commerce abolissant barrières tarifaires et non tarifaires pour amplifier la transformation économique de la région en stimulant le commerce intra-régional.
Cet accord pourrait attirer plus d'investissements étrangers, en facilitant aussi la création de chaînes d'approvisionnement régionales, qui ont été des moteurs importants de développement dans d'autres régions du monde.
«Une harmonisation des droits de douane, des procédures douanières et frontalières suffisamment efficaces pour permettre le passage de marchandises aux frontières (sans délai) sont autant d'éléments clés pour faire en sorte que l'accord commercial en Afrique fonctionne bien», a observé M. Malpass.
La Zone de libre-échange continentale (Zlec) en Afrique, officiellement lancée en juillet à Niamey, au Niger, avec l'objectif d'un démarrage du marché à partir du 1er juillet 2020, a été signée par la totalité des pays d'Afrique, exception faite de l'Erythrée.
Au total, 27 d'entre eux l'ont déjà ratifiée.
L'Union africaine estime que la Zlec permettra d'augmenter de près de 60% d'ici à 2022 le commerce intra-africain et de donner un coup de fouet à l'ensemble de ses économies.
- Logistique -
Mais ses détracteurs évoquent le manque de complémentarité des économies et redoutent que des importations bon marché ne portent préjudice aux petits producteurs agricoles et industriels.
Reda Cherif, expert du département Afrique du FMI, a reconnu qu'à court terme, les inégalités pourraient augmenter avec l'instauration de la Zlec.
«Les pays vont devoir mettre en place des politiques pour faire face aux défis (...) mais les gains économiques seront plus importants» que les nombreuses difficultés, a toutefois tempéré son collègue Hector Perez-Saiz lors d'une conférence consacrée au Zlec.
Les pays vont devoir s'atteler notamment à l'harmonisation des systèmes de paiement régionaux et trouver des règlements pour réduire les risques liés aux transactions commerciales dans plusieurs monnaies différentes.
Dans un rapport récent, le FMI a calculé que l'élimination des droits de douane sur 90% des flux existants (selon l'objectif le plus ambitieux) entraînerait une augmentation d'environ 16% du commerce régional (16 milliards de dollars).
«Cet accord de libre-échange a pour objectif de promouvoir le commerce de tous les types de biens au sein d'un continent», alors que jusqu'à présent, l'Afrique a été trop centrée sur le commerce des matières premières, a ajouté M. Perez-Saiz.
A ses yeux, cet accord dispose «du potentiel pour transformer les économies des différents pays» et, selon lui, le secteur manufacturier en sera le plus grand bénéficiaire.
Mais pour profiter à plein de cette zone de libre-échange, les dirigeants doivent cibler non seulement la suppression des droits de douane, mais encore les obstacles non tarifaires, préconise le FMI, citant «la médiocrité de la logistique du commerce et des infrastructures».
Les experts pointent en particulier du doigt les procédures de dédouanement souvent très longues.
Les experts notent que les effets négatifs liés à une diminution des recettes budgétaires due à la baisse des droits de douane seront probablement faibles. Mais ils reconnaissent qu'un petit nombre de pays, qui continuent d'appliquer des droits élevés, pourraient subir un impact beaucoup plus sévère.
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